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- <text id=89TT1191>
- <link 90TT2917>
- <link 90TT2390>
- <title>
- May 08, 1989: A Chronology Of Nuclear Confusion
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- May 08, 1989 Fusion Or Illusion?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 74
- A Chronology of Nuclear Confusion
- </hdr><body>
- <p> The furor over cold fusion began on March 23, as chemists
- B. Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann shocked the scientific
- world with the claim that they had beaten the physicists at
- their own game. Other scientists were cautious, but Dan Rather
- dived in headfirst. He led off the CBS Evening News that night
- with a fusion report, gushing about "what may be a tremendous
- scientific advance." Only a week later, physicist Steven Jones
- of Brigham Young University announced that he too had been
- producing cold fusion independently, generating neutrons but not
- heat. On April 1, two Hungarian scientists said that they had
- produced neutrons as well. Next Texas A&M scientists showed off
- an experiment on April 10 that they said had confirmed the heat
- readings recorded previously by Pons and Fleischmann. Fusion
- fever was rising now. Georgia Tech said on the same day that its
- jean-clad researchers had detected neutrons. Maddeningly, no one
- seemed to be looking for both heat and neutrons in a single
- experiment, to nail down whether fusion was in fact occurring.
- But Pons showed no doubt on April 12 as he addressed 7,000
- members of the American Chemical Society, who had crowded into
- a basketball arena in Dallas.
- </p>
- <p> When he was questioned, it became clear that his paper was
- sketchy because his technique was sketchy: he and Fleischmann
- had failed to do elementary control tests before going public.
- But it was fusion, Pons insisted, not just an unusual chemical
- reaction, as others had suggested. A Soviet group chimed in that
- day to say it had found its own neutrons. Indian scientists said
- the same. And on April 13, two graduate students at the
- University of Washington announced that they had recorded no
- neutrons or heat, but did detect other fusion by-products.
- </p>
- <p> Pons met the public again on April 17, at a press
- conference, to say there were some 30 institutions that had
- confirmed his results but were reluctant to go public with the
- information, in part "for legal reasons." But Robert Huggins,
- a Stanford materials scientist, had no legal qualms. He reported
- excess heat from a cold-fusion device tucked into a red picnic
- cooler. Because he performed a control experiment to rule out
- a conventional chemical reaction, this was the strongest
- confirmation yet.
- </p>
- <p> The next day, Francesco Scaramuzzi, a bearded physicist
- with the Italian National Agency for Nuclear and Alternative
- Energy, reported what has been dubbed "Frascati fusion," for the
- town near Rome where his team detected the neutron signature of
- cold fusion. This, plus other announcements from India and South
- America, was beginning to give the doubters pause. Then, on
- April 25, the tide turned. Georgia Tech, having hastily
- withdrawn its fusion results the previous week for fear that its
- equipment was bad, made the reversal official. "I don't think
- fusion occurred," said embarrassed team leader James Mahaffey.
- There was worse news to come. The collaboration between
- Brookhaven National Laboratory and Yale, using an array of the
- most sophisticated equipment available, concluded its tests of
- cold fusion and found nothing. No other national lab had done
- any better. And on April 27, the British journal Nature, to
- which Pons and Fleischmann had submitted their paper, then
- withdrawn it when asked to give more information, published an
- editorial on fusion fever. Verdict: it had been fun, but Pons
- and Fleischmann had been sloppy. Cold fusion, editor John Maddox
- bet, would most likely be a flop.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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